Extension Education Information

Extension Education Study

• Extension – word ‘extension’ is derived Latin roots, & word ‘extension’ came to originally in USA during 1914
• Ex’ – mean ‘out’,  Tensio’ mean ‘stretching’
• Word “extension” signifies an out-of school system of education.
• Extension means that type of education, which is stretched out, to the people in rural areas.

Education:- It is the production of desirable changes in knowledge (things known), attitude (things felt) & skills (things done), either in all (or) one or more of human behaviour.

Extension education– is an applied social science consisting of relevant content derived from physical, biological & social sciences & in its own process synthesized into a body of knowledge, concepts, principles & procedures oriented to provide non-credit out of school education largely for adults

Extension service– refers to a program for agricultural development & rural welfare.

 Types of Education 

Informal Education– by which every person acquires knowledge, skills, attitudes & insights from daily experiences & exposure to the environment at home, at work, at play.

Non-formal Education– Is an organised, systematic educational activity carried on outside the frame work of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to particular sub groups in the population.

Formal Education– Is highly institutionalized, chronologically graded & hierarchically Structured, education starting from primary school and reaching upto university education.

Formal Education	Extension Education
Teaching is largely confined to the premises of the institution	It is largely outside the four walls of the institution
Learners are homogeneous with common goals	Learners are heterogeneous & have diverse goals
There is a fixed curriculum, students are examined & degrees are awarded	No fixed curriculum, it is flexible depending on the needs of the learners. No examinations are conducted & no degrees are awarded
Knowledge flows from teacher to the learners (Vertical)	The extension worker also learns from those who he teaches (Horizontal). He teaches through local leaders
Approach is from principles to problems	Approach is from problem to principles

Scope of Extension-

• People are motivated through a proper approach to help themselves by applying science.
• Desirable changes in the knowledge, attitudes & skills of people
• Extension is helping people to help themselves.
• To answer their felt needs & wants.
• Teaching through learning by doing & seeing is believing.
• Working in harmony with the culture of the people
• Extension is a two-way channel
• Working together (in groups) to expand the welfare & happiness of the people
• development of individuals in their day-to-day living, development of their leaders, their society & their world as a whole.

Major Objectives of Extension-

• Material- increase production, income.
• Educational- change the outlook of people or develop the individuals.
• Social & cultural- development of the community.

Classification of communication

Individual contact method-

• Contact is face to face or person to person.
• It is very effective in teaching, quantum of feedback available is very high but slow communication.
• E.g. Farm & home visit, personal contact, telephone call, office call, personal letters & result demonstration

Group contact methods-

• A group of 2-30 persons
• Group is usually formed around common interest.
• Face to face contact.
• Eg. Symposium, discussion, lecture, tour and field days, method demonstration, conference, school,seminar.

Mass contact-

• More than 30 persons
• It is more useful for making people aware of the new agricultural technology quickly.
• Eg. Bulletins, leaflet/booklet/folder, newspaper, journal, magazine,
  exhibition, television, radio, fairs, posters, cinema, drama & Songs

Developmental Programmes of Pre-Independence Era

• By F.L.Brayne

• SStarted at Travancore in Kerala
• by Dr. Spencer Hatch an American agricultural expert specialized in sociology.
• All round development in agriculture, public health and education.

• It was a Gandhian concept & evoked great enthusiasm in Bombay.
• Main features were simplicity, non-violence, sanctity of labour & reconstruction of human values.
• It aimed in raising the standard of living, scientific development of agriculture, promotion of cottage industries, spread of literacy, medical & health facilities & development of village panchayats.

Indian Village Service (1945)

• By Arther T. Mosher of New York & B.N.Gupta.
• Objectives were to assist village people to realise the best in their own village by developing individuals, volunteer leaders & local agencies,
• and establishing them to be effective in helping themselves.

Development Programmes of Post-Independence Era

Etawah Pilot Project (1948)

• by Mr. Albert Mayer of USA
• To know the degree of productive & social improvements, through self confidence &  cooperatives
• To find how quickly these results could be attained
• To know whether the results remain permanent even after the special pressure is withdrawn
• To assess how far the results were reproductive in other places

• Approach to agricultural production, specially the foodgrains. known as a “package programme
• Practices of improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection, implements, credit, etc.

• These were combined with the application of high analysis & balanced fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection, improved implements etc
• which made a ‘green revolution’ possible in the country
• Punjab, HR & Western parts of UP were initially selected for the phased launching of this strategy
• Wheat production was doubled. Rice production also had a substantial increase

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

• Launched by the GOI during 1978 & implemented during 1980.
• To provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living condition

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)

• introduced from 1st April, 1989
• as an integration of National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) & Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)

Agricultural technology management agency (ATMA)

• Launched on 29th March, 2005

Objectives of ATMA–

• To strengthen research – extension – farmer linkages
• To provide an effective mechanism for co-ordination & management
• To increase the quality & type of technologies
• To move towards shared ownership.
• To develop new partnerships with the private institutions

Extension Education