Genetics and Plant Breeding Important Table (4)

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Genetics and Plant Breeding Important Study Point

Genetics and Plant Breeding Important Table

Genetics and Plant Breeding Study Material For All Competitive Exam

 1 Characters of Pea In Mendalian Populaation

Characters Dominant form Recessive form
Length of stem Tall Dwarf
Position of flower Axial Terminal
Pod shape Full Constricted
Pod colour Green Yellow
Cotyledon colour Yellow Green
Seed coat colour Gray White
Seed shape Round Wrinkled

 2.Method of Self & Cross pollination 

Method of Self pollination Method of Cross pollination
Mass selection Mass selection
Pure line selection method Progeny selection
Pedigree method Recurrent selection
Single seed descent method Hybrid varieties
Back cross method Synthetic varieties
Bulk method  

 3.Mechanism of Self & Cross Pollination 

Mechanism of Self Pollination
Chasmogamy
Flowers open but only after pollination has taken place. Example:- Rice, Moong, Oat etc.
Cleistogamy
Flowers do not open  Example:- Wheat, Barley etc.
Bisexuality
Male and female organs present on the same flower is known as bisexuality. All the self pollinated plants have hermaphrodite flowers
Homogamy
Anthers and stigma of a flower matured at the same time
Position of Anthers
  • In some species, stigmas are surrounded by anthers. This situation will ensure self pollination. Example:- Tomato and Brinjal.
  • Stamens and stigma are enclosed by the petals in some legumes they will also ensure self pollination.  Example:- Greengram, Blackgram, Soybean, Chickpea and Pea.
Mechanism of Cross Pollination
Dicliny
It refers to unisexual flowers.  This is of two types:- (i) monoecy (ii) dioecy.

1. Monoecy:- When male and female flowers are separate but present in the same plants, it is known as monoecy

Example:- Mango, Castor and Banana Cucurbits, Grapes, Strawberry, Cassava and Rubber.

2. Dioecy:– When staminate and pistillate in flowers are present on different plants, it is called dioecy.

Example:- papaya, date palm, spinach, hemp and asparagus.
Dichogamy
Male and female flowers of a hermoprodite flowers matures at diferent time. Two types of Dichogamy
  1. Protogyny:- (Gynus = female), female matures before male Example:- Bajra
  2. Protondry:- (Andrus = male) male matures first Example:- Maize
Heterostyly
Heteroslyly refer as different lengths of styles and filaments in a flower. like linseed.
Herkogamy
Some physical barriers prevent self pollination is called herkogamy. Example:- Alfalfa
Self incompatibility
  • The inability of fertile pollens to fertilize the same flower is called self incompatibility.
  • Two types of Self incompatibility is sporophytic and gametophytic. Example:-Brassica, Radish, Nicotiana, and many grass species. 
Male sterility
  • The pollen grains are non fertile is called Male sterility.
  • Three types of Male sterility:- Genetic, Cytoplasmic and  Cytoplasmic Genetic Male sterility.
  • It is a useful tool in hybrid seed production.

 4.Cell Parts And Their Discoverers 

Cell Parts Year Discoverer
Cell theory 1839 Scheleiden & Schwann
Living Cell 1723 Antony von Leeuwenhoek
Primary cell wall 1665 Robert Hooke
Plasmodesmata 1901 E. Strasburger
Protoplasm 1840 J.E. Purkinje
Protoplast 1880 Hanstein
Hyaloplasm 1846 Hugo von Mohl
Cell membrane 1855 Nageli & Cramer
Termed plasmalemma 1931 J.Q. Plowe
Unit membrane model 1959 Robertson
Fluid Mosaic model 1974 Singer & Nicoloson
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1945 K.R. Porter
Plastid 1865 E. Haechel
Term Chloroplast 1885 A. F. W. Schimper
Mitochondrion
Discovered Mitochondrion 1880 A. Kolliker
Named Fila 1882 W. Flemming
Named Bioblast 1894 Altmann
Named Mitchondrion 1867 Benda
Observed in plants 1904 F. Meves

 

Cell Parts & Their Discover
Part of the Cell Year Discoverer
Golgi body 1898 Camilo Golgi” (NL 1906)
Ribosome, observed & Termed microsome 1943 A. Clande 
Discovery of RNA in ribosome  1955 Palade
Term ribosome given 1958 Haguenau
Lysosomes 1955 Christian de Duve
Observed in plants 1964  P. Matile
Peroxisomes, Term given 1963 Beaufaytt & Berther
Microtubules 1953 De Robertis & Franchi
Centrosome 1888 T. Boveri
Nucleus 1831 Robert Brown
Discovered Nucleolus 1781 Fontana
Nucleolus Described 1838 Schleiden
Chromosome observed 1875 E. Strasburger
Term Chromosome given 1888 Waldeyer
Chromatin 1879 w. Flemming
Nucleosome 1975 Oudet, Gross-Bellard & Chambon
Term Nucleic given 1869 F. Mlescher
DNA stained 1924 R. Feulgen & H. Rossenbeck
DNA, Structure proposed   1953 Watson & Crick
DNA synthesized 1959 A. Kornberg
RNA synthesized 1959 S. Ochoa

 5.Technology & Their Discoverer 

Technology Discoverer
Recombinant DNA technology/DNA sequencing Berg, Gilbert & Anger
Term linkage & sex determination Batson
Linkage theory  T.H. Morgan in 1910
Term Pure line, Phenotype, Gene & Genotype  W. Johannsen, 1903
Chromosomal theory of heredity T. Morgan
X-ray as physical mutant by Muller
Bacterial transformation Avery, Mac leod & McCarty
First inter-specific cross was made by Thomas Fairchild
Centers of origin were first given by Vavilon
Term heterosis was coined by Shull, 1914
The term genetics was coined  W. Bateson, 1905
One Gene one Enzyme Hypothesis Beadle and Tatum in 1914
Operon Hypothesis Jacob and Monod in 1961
Mutation first defined by Hugo de vries, 1901

 6.Some Plant Breeder 

Plant Breeder
Thomas Fairchild (1717)
Developed first inter-specific hybrid between sweet william and carnation species of Dianthus
Vavilon, N.L
The center of origin given by
identified 8 main centers and 3 sub centers of crop diversitly.
Rimpu (1890)
  • Made first inter-generic cross between bread wheat (T. aestivum) and rye (Secalecereal) to give birth of Triticale.
  • DT-46 is the variety of triticale
Nagaharu, U (1935)
Tetraploids species of Brassica using a triangle which is populariy known as U’s triangle.
Jones, D.F. (1917)
  • Made double cross in maize
  • Used genetic male sterility in the development of maize hybrid
Harrington, J.B. (1937)
proposed mass pedigree method of breeding which is a modification of pedigree method.
Flor, H. H. (1956)
He developed the concept of gene for gene hypotlhesis in flax for flax rust caused by Malampsoralini
Vander Plank, J. E. (1963)
Developed the concept of vertical and horizontal resistance.
Donald, C.M. (1968)
Crop Ideotype working with wheat

Genetics and Plant Breeding Important Study Point

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